TITLE PAGE

AUTHORʼS PREFACE

PREFATORY NOTE TO ENGLISH EDITION

TRANSLATORʼS NOTE

PROLEGOMENA.

§ 1. Scope And ARRANGEMENT OF New Testament INTRODUCTION.

Definition of Introduction as Historical Criticism independent of any Dogmatic Preconception—Division of the subject into three parts—Uncertainty of Results

§2. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF THE SUBJECT.

History of Introduction down to the Reformation— Richard Simon—From Simon to Baur—The Tübingen School—The Reaction against Baur—Present condition of Criticism—The modern Pseudo-Criticism

PART I.

A HISTORY OF EACH OF THE NEW TESTAMENT WRITINGS

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BOOK I

THE EPISTLES

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CHAPTER I

THE GENUINE EPISTLES OF PAUL

§ 3. The Apostle PAUL.

His Life—His Personality—His Peculiar Qualities as a Writer—The Duty of Criticism towards the Tradition

§ 4. The First Epistle To THE THESSALONIANS.

Contents—Addressees—Circumstances of Composition— Authenticity and Integrity

§ 5. The Second Epistle To THE THESSALONIANS.

Contents —Circumstances of Composition—Authenticity —Question of vv. ii. 1-12

§ 6. The Epistle To THE GALATIANS.

Contents—Object of the Epistle—Its Recipients—Circumstances of Composition

§7. The Two Epistles To THE CORINTHIANS.

Relations of Paul to the Corinthians before the First Epistle—Motives for the Composition of the First Epistle—Contents of the First Epistle —Circumstances of Composition—Contents and Character of the Second Epistle—Time and Place of Composition-—Its Cause and Occasion—Two lost Corinthian Epistles—History of the Community between the First and Second Epistles—Proposals for dismembering the Second Epistle

§ 8. The Epistle To THE Romans.

Contents—Time and Place of Composition—Authenticity of chapters xv. and xvi—Ch. xvi. an Epistle to the Ephesians—Object of the Epistle and Condition of the Roman Community

§ 9. The Epistle TO THE PHILIPPIANS.

Character and Contents—Recipients and Object of the Epistle—Date of Composition—Authenticity and Indivisibility of the Epistle

§ 10 The Epistle To PHILEMON

§ 11. The Epistles TO THE COLOSSIANS AND EPHESIANS.

Contents of Colossians—Contents of Ephesians—Contemporary origin of Colossians, Ephesians and Philemon—The Community of Colossae and the Occasion for Colossians—The False Teachers of Colossae—Authenticity and Integrity of Colossians—Object of Ephesians—Not an Epistle to Ephesians—Objections to its Authenticity

CHAPTER II

THE DEUTERO-PAULINE EPISTLES

§ 12. The Epistle To THE HEBREWS.

Theme of the Epistle and manner in which it is carried out—Hebrews a true Epistle—But not by Paul—Date of Composition—Destination—Hypotheses as to the Author

§ 13. The Pastoral Epistles.

Contents of 1. and 2. Timothy and Titus—Close connection between the three Epistles—Pauline Authorship impossible, because (a) the Pauline elements are merely due to dependence on Paul, (b) the External Evidence is unfavourable, (c) the language is non-Pauline, (d) the theological position is that of the Post-Apostolic Age, (e) the Epistles are psychologically inconceivable as coming from Paul, and (f) it is impossible to find a place for them in Paulʼs lifetime—The actual Circumstances of Composition—Possible Use of Genuine Fragments?

CHAPTER III

THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES

§ 14. A General Survey OF THE Catholic EPISTLES.

The name ʽCatholic Epistlesʼ—Close Relationship between the seven Epistles

§ 15. The First Epistle or Peter.

Contents—Theme and Object of the Epistle—Peter not the Author—Actual Circumstances of Composition— Integrity of the Superscription

§ 16. The Epistle of James.

Contents—Character and Object of the Epistle—Its Addressees—The Pretended Author—The Real Author —Hypotheses of Spitta and Harnack.

§17. The Epistle of JUDE.

Contents, Form, Object and Character of the Epistle—Its Date and Author

§ 18. The Second Epistle of Peter.

Contents—Object of the Epistle—Its indications as to Author and Addressees—Authenticity untenable— Dependence on Jude—Actual Circumstances of Composition

§ 19. The First Epistle or John.

Contents—Object of the Epistle—Date of Composition— Its Author identical with Author of Fourth Gospel

§ 20. The Shorter Epistles of JOHN.

Contents and Objects of 2. and 3. John—Their Author and his relation to the Author of the First Epistle

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BOOK II

THE APOCALYPTIC LITERATURE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

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§ 21. A GENERAL Survey or Apocalyptic LITERATURE.

§ 22, The REVELATION OF JOHN.

Contents—Character of the Apocalypse—Its Object and Plan—The Apocalypse a Jewish-Christian Product— The Author according to his own testimony and to that of the Tradition—Relation of the Apocalypse to the other Johannine Writings—Date of Composition— Question of Homogeneity

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BOOK III

THE HISTORICAL BOOKS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT

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CHAPTER I

THE FOUR GOSPELS

§ 23. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE Gospels.

The Name ʽSynopticsʼ for Matthew, Mark and Luke— The Gospels according to Matthew, ete.—The Gospels as Historical Records

A. The Synoptic Gospels

§ 24, Contents of THE Synoptic Gospels

§ 25. THE Gospel according TO Matthew.

The Tradition as to the Apostolic authorship of Matthew untenable—Date of Matthew— Tendency and religious Attitude of Matthew—Its Literary Peculiarities— Integrity of the Gospel

§ 26. The GOSPEL ACCORDING TO Mark.

Mark the Author—Attitude and Tendency of Mark— Date of Composition—Literary Peculiarities—Integrity of the Gospel

§ 27. The Gospel According To Luke.

The Tradition concerning Luke, and his own Testimony —Objects and religious Attitude of Luke—Date of Composition—Literary Peculiarities

§ 28. The Synoptic Problem.

The Problem stated—The earlier attempts at Solution— Effects of combining the earlier Hypotheses—First Statement: Mark is contained in Matthew and Luke— Second Statement: Matthew and Luke made use of a second authority consisting in a Collection of Logia (perhaps that of the Apostle Matthew?)—Third Statement: Matthew and Luke made use of other authorities besides Mark and the Book of Logia—First Hypothesis: Was Mark also acquainted with the Book of Logia?—Second Hypothesis: items of Luke on Matthew improbable

§ 29. The Historical VALUE OF THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS.

Shortcomings in their tradition—Trustworthiness of their general picture—Sketch of the Development of the Gospel Tradition as far as Luke

B. John.

§ 30. THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN.

Contents and Arrangement—Character of the Gospel— The Integrity—Date of Composition: (a) Its Relation to the Synoptics; (b) The Post-Pauline Hellenistic Theology

§ 31. The JOHANNINE QUESTION.

External Evidence—The ʽPresbyterʼ John—Testimony of the Writer—Impossible that the Writer should have been an Eye-witness—Result

CHAPTER II

§ 32. The Acts of THE APOSTLES.

Contents and Plan—Connection with Luke—Date of Composition— Tendency—Historical Value of the Acts —Its Authorities, especially the We-Document—Twofold Recension of the Text

§ 33. RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY OF THE ʼTWENTY-SEVEN Books or THE New TESTAMENT

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PART II

A HISTORY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON

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CHAPTER I

THE PRE-CANONICAL PERIOD OF NEW TESTAMENT LITERATURE

§ 34. Tae Canonical AUTHORITIES OF THE APOSTOLIC AGE.

The Old Testament the only Canon of Jesus—Also the only Written Canon of the Apostles—Sayings of the Lord become Canonical side by side with the Scriptures in the Apostolic Age

§ 35. The Canonical AUTHORITIES OF CHRISTENDOM FROM circa 70 To circa 140.

No Christian writing of this time claims Canonical Dignity—Canonical Logia are taken from written documents, but the Author of 2. Clement is the first to reckon these documents with the Scriptures—The Apostles (not their Writings) join the body of the Canon

§ 36. THE PREPARATORY STAGES IN THE CANONIsATION OF THE New TESTAMENT SCRIPTURES.

ʽAnagnosisʼ in the Church services—Collection of Documents for reading aloud

CHAPTER II

THE CREATION OF THE PRIMITIVE FORM OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON (circa 140-200)

§ 37. The Facts of THE CASE.

Canonisation of the Gospels in the writings of Justin— Preference of oral tradition by Papias—The twofold New Testament of Marcion—Development of the New Testament Canon from Justin to Theophius—The New Testament of Irenaeus, Tertullian and Clement of Alexandria—The Muratorianum

§ 38. The Motives.

The New Testament Canon the work of the primitive Catholic Church—Conditions of admission to the New Testament in the Muratorianum—Conditions of Canonisation with the Fathers—True Motives of the Conversion of the Books for Anagnosis into Canonical Seriptures—Markedly conservative Character of the Canonisation—Sketch of the Development of the New Testament between 140 and 200 A.D.

CHAPTER III

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON DOWN TO THE TIME WHEN IT TOOK ITS PRESENT SHAPE

§39. The New TESTAMENT of THE GREEK CHURCH FROM circa 200-380.

Uncertainty of the Limits of New Testament Canon characteristic of Greek Church—Canon of Origen—Canon of Eusebius—Canon of Greek Communities about 300 A.D.

§40. The New Testament of THE Latin CHURCH FROM circa 200 To 875.

Reason for extension of period—Canon of Hippolytus—Canon of Cyprian and the other Western Fathers down to 375 A.D.

§ 41. The New Testament of THE Syrian CHURCH DOWN TO circa 350.

§ 42. The Final SETTLEMENT of THE New TESTAMENT IN THE Latin Church.

Hebrews officially received about 400—Conflict of Custom with Ecclesiastical Decrees—The Epistle to the Laodiceans

§ 43. The Final SETTLEMENT of THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE GREEK CHURCH.

Struggle over the Apocalypse—Other Irregularities in Canonical Limits

§ 44. The Final SETTLEMENT OF THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE NATIONAL CHURCHES OF THE East.

§ 45, The MAINTENANCE OF THE NEW TESTAMENT CANON IN THE AGE OF THE REFORMATION.

New Testament of the Humanists—Council of Trent— Religious and Historical Criticisms of Canon on part of Reformers

§ 46. The VARIATION IN THE ORDER OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS of THE New TESTAMENT.

Importance of this question in the History of the Canon —Order within the separate Sections—Varying Order of the Five Sections themselves

§ 47. Result of the History of THE CANON.

The Church and the Canon—The technical terms Canonical, Apocryphal, Scripture, New Testament, Bible—Permanent Traces of the gradual Formation of New Testament

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PART III

A HISTORY OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TEXT

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CHAPTER I

§ 48. The Original Manuscripts.

All Autographa of New Testament Writers lost—Their Writing Materials—Uncial and Cursive Handwritings

CHAPTER II

THE MULTIPLICATION OF THE TEXTS DOWN TO THE TIME OF THE INVENTION OF PRINTING

§ 49. The actual INCREASE.

The Increase regulated by the needs of the Church— Varies in the different Parts of the New Testament

§ 50. The Outward Form or The TEXTS DOWN TO ABOUT 1500 A.D.

Papyrus Rolls succeeded by Parchment Codices, which give way about 1200 to modern paper—Form of the later Manuscripts—Handwriting in the Parchment Codices—Colometric Writing—Elaboration of Texts, especially Division into Chapters

51. The Marital History of THE TEXT DOWN TO ABOUT 1500 A.D.

Enormous Corruption of the Text—Unintentional Corruptions—Intentional ʽmendationsʼ

§ 52. The Witnesses To THE TEXTS Down To 1500 A.D. AS THEY EXIST TO-DAY.

Quotations in Works of Ecclesiastical Writers—The Greek Manuscripts—The Translations: (a) Their Value as Records of Original Text; (b) The Latin Translations (Itala and Vulgate); (c) The Syriac Version (Peshitto)

CHAPTER III

THE GREAT RECENSIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TEXT SINCE 1516

§ 53. The Formation of THE New Testament ʽTextus Receptusʼ (TO about 1630).

Influence of Printing on the Text—The Editiones principes of 1516 and 1521—Editions of Stephanus and Beza—Elzevierʼs Textus receptus:

§ 54. The Arracks on THE ʽTextus RECEPTUSʼ (Down TO circa 1830).

Collections of Variants beside the Text—Isolated Corrections of the Textus Receptus—System of Classifying Families of Texts

§ 55. The Downfall or THE ʽTextus Receptusʼ AND THE LATEST TEXTUAL CRITICISM.

Downfall of Textus Receptus brought about by Lachmann —Tischendorfʼs Services to the Text—The Great English Recensions—Present Condition of Textual Criticism—Tasks and Prospects for the Future