Ptolemy IV Philopator (Greek: Πτολεμαίος Φιλοπάτωρ,
reigned 221-205 BC), son of Ptolemy III and Berenice
II of Egypt was the fourth Pharaoh of the Ptolemaic
Egypt. Under the reign of Ptolemy IV, the decline of
the Ptolemaic kingdom began. His reign was
inaugurated by the murder of his mother, and he was
always under the dominion of favourites, male and
female, who indulged his vices and conducted the
government as they pleased. Self-interest led his
ministers to make serious preparations to meet the
attacks of Antiochus III the Great on Coele-Syria
including Judea, and the great Egyptian victory of
Raphia (217), where Ptolemy himself was present,
secured the northern borders of the kingdom for the
remainder of his reign.
The arming of Egyptians in this campaign had a
disturbing effect upon the native population of
Egypt, leading to the secession of Upper Egypt under
pharaohs Harmachis (also known as Hugronaphor) and
Ankmachis, (also known as Chaonnophris) thus
creating a kingdom that occupied much of the country
and lasted nearly twenty years.
Philopator was devoted to orgiastic forms of
religion and literary dilettantism. He built a
temple to Homer and composed a tragedy, to which his
favourite Agathocles added a commentary. He married
(about 220 BC) his sister Arsinoë III, but continued
to be ruled by his mistress Agathoclea, sister of
Agathocles.
Ptolemy is said to have built a giant ship known
as the tessarakonteres ("forty"), a huge type of
galley. The forty of its name may refer to its
number of banks of oars. The only recorded instance
of this type of vessel, in fact, is this showpiece
galley built for Ptolemy IV, described by Callixenus
of Rhodes, writing in the 3rd century BCE, and by
Athenaeus in the 2nd century AD. Plutarch also
mentions that Ptolemy Philopater owned this immense
vessel in his Life of Demetrios. The current theory
is that Ptolemy's ship was an oversize catamaran
galley, measuring 128 m 420 ft.
Ptolemy IV is a major protagonist of the
apocryphal 3 Maccabees, which describes purported
events following the Battle of Raphia, in both
Jerusalem and Alexandria.
This article incorporates text from the
Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
Preceded by Ptolemy III Euergetes
Succeeded by Ptolemy V Epiphanes
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