REPENTANCE-
HOSEA PASSIM
IF we keep in mind what Hosea meant by
knowledge-a new impression of facts implying a change both of temper
and of conduct-we shall feel how natural it is to pass at once from
his doctrine of knowledge to his doctrine of repentance. Hosea may
be accurately styled the first preacher of repentance, yet so
thoroughly did he deal with this subject of eternal interest to the
human heart, that between him and ourselves almost no teacher has
increased the insight with which it has been examined, or the
passion with which it ought to be enforced.
One thing we must hold clear from the outset. To us repentance is
intelligible only in the individual. There is no motion of the heart
which more clearly derives its validity from its personal character.
Repentance is the conscience, the feeling, the resolution of a man
by himself and for himself-"I will arise and go to my Father." Yet
it is not to the individual that Hosea directs his passionate
appeals. For him and his age the religious unit was not the
Israelite but Israel. God had called and covenanted with the nation
as a whole; He had revealed Himself through their historical
fortunes and institutions. His grace was shown in their succor and
guidance as a people; His last judgment was threatened in their
destruction as a state. So similarly, when by Hosea God calls to
repentance, it is the whole nation whom He addresses.
At the same time we must remember those qualifications which we
adduce with regard to Hosea’s doctrine of the nation’s knowledge of
God. They affect also his doctrine of the national repentance.
Hosea’s experience of Israel had been preceded by his experience of
an Israelite. For years the prophet had carried on his anxious heart
a single human character-lived with her, travailed for her, pardoned
and redeemed her. As we felt that this long cure of a soul must have
helped Hosea to his very spiritual sense of the knowledge of God, so
now we may justly assume that the same cannot have been without
effect upon his very personal teaching about repentance. But with
his experience of Gomer, there conspired also his intense love for
Israel. A warm patriotism necessarily personifies its object. To the
passionate lover of his people, their figure rises up one and
individual-his mother, his lover, his wife. Now no man ever loved
his people more intimately or more tenderly than Hosea loved Israel.
The people were not only dear to him, because he was their son, but
dear and vivid also for their loneliness and their distinction among
the peoples of the earth, and for their long experience as the
intimate of the God of grace and loving kindness. God had chosen
this Israel as His Bride; and the remembrance of the unique
endowment and lonely destiny stimulated Hosea’s imagination in the
work of personifying and individualizing his people. He treats
Israel with the tenderness and particularity with which the
Shepherd, leaving the ninety and nine in the wilderness, seeks till
He find it the one lost lamb. His analysis of his fickle
generation’s efforts to repent, of their motives in turning to God,
and of their failures, is as inward and definite as if it were a
single heart he were dissecting. Centuries have passed; the
individual has displaced the nation; the experience of the human
heart has been infinitely increased, and prophecy and all preaching
has grown more and more personal. Yet it has scarcely ever been
found either necessary to add to the terms which Hosea used for
repentance, or possible to go deeper in analyzing the processes
which these denote.
Hosea’s most simple definition of repentance is that of returning
unto God. For "turning" and "returning" the Hebrew language has only
one verb-shubh. In the Book of Hosea there are instances in which it
is employed in the former sense; but, even apart from its use for
repentance, the verb usually means to return. Thus the wandering
wife in the second chapter says, "I will return to my former
husband"; {Hos 2:9} and in the threat of judgment it is said,
"Ephraim will return to Egypt." {Hos 8:13; Hos 9:3; Hos 11:5}
Similar is the sense in the phrases "His deeds will I turn back upon
him" (Hos 4:9; Hos 12:3) and "I will not turn back to destroy
Ephraim." (Hos 11:9; Hos 2:11) The usual meaning of the verb is
therefore, not merely to turn or change, but to turn right round, to
turn back and home. This is obviously the force of its employment to
express repentance. For this purpose Hosea very seldom uses it
alone. He generally adds either the name by which God had always
been known, Jehovah, or the designation of Him, as "their own God."
We must emphasize this point if we would appreciate the thoroughness
of our prophet’s doctrine, and its harmony with the preaching of the
New Testament. To Hosea repentance is no mere change in the
direction of one’s life. It is a turning back upon one’s self, a
retracing of one’s footsteps, a confession and acknowledgment of
what one has abandoned. It is a coming back and a coming home to
God, exactly as Jesus Himself has described in the Parable of the
Prodigal. As Hosea again and again affirms, the Return to God, like
the New Testament Metanoia, is the effect of new knowledge; but the
new knowledge is not of new facts-it is of facts which have been
present for a long time and which ought to have been appreciated
before.
Of these facts Hosea describes three kinds: the nation’s misery, the
unspeakable grace of their God, and their great guilt in turning
from Him. Again it is as in the case of the prodigal: his hunger,
his father, and his cry, "I have sinned against heaven and in thy
sight."
We have already felt the pathos of those passages in which Hosea
describes the misery and the decay of Israel, the unprofitableness
and shame of all their restless traffic with other gods and alien
empires. The state is rotten {Hos 5:12 etc.} anarchy prevails (Hos
4:2 ff; Hos 6:7 ff., etc.) The national vitality is lessened:
"Ephraim hath grey hairs." {Hos 7:7} Power of birth and begetting
has gone; the universal unchastity causes the population to
diminish: "their glory flieth away like a bird." {Hos 9:11} The
presents to Egypt, {Hos 12:2} the tribute to Assyria, drain the
wealth of the people: "strangers devour his strength." {Hos 7:7} The
prodigal Israel has his far-off country where he spends his
substance among strangers. It is in this connection that we must
take the repeated verse: "the pride of Israel testifieth to his
face." {Hos 5:5; Hos 7:10} We have seen the impossibility of the
usual exegesis of these words, that by "the Pride of Israel" Hosea
means Jehovah; the word "pride" is probably to be taken in the sense
in which Amos employs it of the exuberance and arrogance of Israel’s
civilization. If we are right then Hosea describes a very subtle
symptom of the moral awakening whether of the individual or of a
community. The conscience of many a man, of many a kingdom, has been
reached only through their pride. Pride is the last nerve which
comfort and habit leave quick; and when summons to a man’s better
nature fail, it is still possible in most cases to touch his pride
with the presentation of the facts of his decadence. This is
probably what Hosea means. Israel’s prestige suffers. The
civilization of which they are proud has its open wounds. Their
politicians are the sport of Egypt; {Hos 7:16} their wealth, the
very gold of their Temple, is lifted by Assyria. {Hos 10:4} The
nerve of pride was also touched in the prodigal: "How many hired
servants of my father have enough and to spare, while I perish with
hunger." Yet, unlike him, this prodigal son of God will not
therefore return. {Hos 7:10} Though there are grey hairs upon him,
though strangers devour his strength, "he knoweth it not"; of him it
cannot be said that "he has come to himself." And that is why the
prophet threatens the further discipline of actual exile from the
land and its fruits (Hos 2:16, etc., Hos 9:2 ff., etc.) of bitter
bread {Hos 10:4} and poverty {Hos 12:10} on an unclean soil. Israel
must also eat husks and feed with swine before he arises and
"returns to his God." But misery alone never led either man or
nation to repentance: the sorrow of this world worketh only death.
Repentance is the return to God; and it is the awakening to the
truth about God, to the facts of His nature and His grace, which
alone makes repentance possible No man’s doctrine of repentance is
intelligible without his doctrine of God; and it is because Hosea’s
doctrine of God is so rich, so fair, and so tender, that his
doctrine of repentance is so full and gracious. Here we see the
difference between him and Amos. Amos had also used the phrase with
frequency; again and again he had appealed to the people to seek God
and to return to God. {Hos 4:6; Hos 4:8-11} But from Amos it went
forth only as a pursuing voice, a voice crying in the wilderness.
Hosea lets loose behind it a heart, plies the people with gracious
thoughts of God, and brings about them, not the voices only, but the
atmosphere, of love. "I will be as the dew unto Israel," promises
the Most High; but He is before His promise. The chapters of Hosea
are drenched with the dew of God’s mercy, of which no drop falls on
those of Amos, but there God is rather the roar as of a lion, the
flash as of lightning. Both prophets bid Israel turn to God; but
Amos means by that, to justice, truth, and purity, while Hosea
describes a husband, a father, long-suffering and full of mercy. "I
bid you come back," cries Amos. But Hosea pleads, "If only you were
aware of What God is, you would come back." "Come back to God and
live," cries Amos; but Hosea, "Come back to God, for He is Love."
Amos calls, "Come back at once, for there is but little time left
till God must visit you in judgment"; but Hosea, "Come back at once,
for God has loved you so long and so kindly." Amos cries, "Turn, for
in front of you is destruction"; but Hosea, "Turn, for behind you is
God." And that is why all Hosea’s preaching of repentance is so
evangelical. "I will arise and go to my Father."
But the third element of the new knowledge which means repentance is
the conscience of guilt. "My Father, I have sinned." On this point
it might be averred that the teaching of Hosea is less spiritual
than that of later prophets in Israel, and that here at last he
comes short of the evangelical inwardness of the New Testament.
There is truth in the charge; and here perhaps we feel most the
defects of his standpoint as one who appeals, not to the individual,
but to the nation as a whole. Hosea’s treatment of the sense of
guilt cannot be so spiritual as that, say, of the fifty-first Psalm.
But, at least, he is not satisfied to exhaust it by the very
thorough exposure which he gives us of the social sins of his day,
and of their terrible results. He, too, understands what is meant by
a conscience of sin. He has called Israel’s iniquity harlotry,
unfaithfulness to God; and in a passage of equal insight and beauty
of expression he points out that in the service of the Ba’alim
Jehovah’s people can never feel anything but a harlot’s shame and
bitter memories of the better past.
"Rejoice not, O Israel, to the pitch of rapture like the heathen:
for thou hast played the harlot from thine own God; ‘tis hire thou
hast loved on all threshing-floors. Floor and vat shall not
acknowledge them; the new wine shall play them false." Mere children
of nature may abandon themselves to the riotous joy of harvest and
vintage festivals, for they have never known other gods than are
suitably worshipped by these orgies. But Israel has a past-the
memory of a holier God, the conscience of having deserted Him for
material gifts. With such a conscience she can never enjoy the
latter; as Hosea puts it, they will not acknowledge or "take to"
her. Here there is an instinct of the profound truth, that even in
the fullness of life conscience is punishment; by itself the sense
of guilt is judgment.
But Hosea does not attack the service of strange gods only because
it is unfaithfulness to Jehovah, but also because, as the worship of
images, it is a senseless stupidity utterly inconsistent with that
spiritual discernment of which repentance so largely consists. And
with the worship of heathen idols Hosea equally condemns the worship
of Jehovah under the form of images.
Hosea was the first in Israel to lead the attack upon the idols.
Elijah had assaulted the worship of a foreign god, but neither he
nor Elisha nor Amos condemned the worship of Israel’s own God under
the form of a calf. Indeed Amos, except in one doubtful passage, {Amo
5:26} never at all attacks idols or false gods. The reason is very
obvious. Amos and Elijah were concerned only with the proclamation
of God as justice and purity; and to the moral aspects of religion
the question of idolatry is not relevant; the two things do not come
directly into collision. But Hosea had deeper and more wide views of
God, with which idolatry came into conflict at a hundred points. We
know what Hosea’s "knowledge of God" was-how spiritual, how
extensive-and we can appreciate how incongruous idolatry must have
appeared against it. We are prepared to find him treating the
images, whether of the Ba’alim or of Jehovah with that fine scorn
which a passionate monotheism, justly conscious of its intellectual
superiority, has ever passed upon the idolatry even of civilizations
in other respects higher than its own. To Hosea the idol is an "‘eseb,
a made thing." It is made of the very silver and gold with which
Jehovah Himself had endowed the people. {Hos 2:8} It is made only
"to be cut off" {Hos 8:4} by the first invader! Chiefly, however,
does Hosea’s scorn fall upon the image under which Jehovah Himself
was worshipped. "Thy Calf, O Samaria!" {Hos 8:5} he contemptuously
calls it. "From Israel is it also," as much as the Ba’alim. "A
workman made it, and no god is it: chips shall the Calf of Samaria
become!" In another place he mimics the "anxiety of Samaria for
their Calf; his people mourn for him, and his priestlings writhe for
his glory," why?-"because it is going into exile": {Hos 10:5} the
gold that covers him shall be stripped for the tribute to Assyria.
And once more: "They continue to sin; they make them a smelting of
their silver, idols after their own modeling, smith’s work all of
it. To these things they speak! Sacrificing men" actually "kiss
calves!" {Hos 13:2} All this in the same vein of satire which we
find grown to such brilliance in the great Prophet of the Exile.
{Isaiah 41 ff.} Hosea was the first in whom it sparkled; and it was
due to his conception of "the knowledge of God." Its relevancy to
his doctrine of repentance is this, that so spiritual an
apprehension of God as repentance implies, so complete a "metanoia"
or "change of mind," is intellectually incompatible with idolatry.
You cannot speak of repentance to men who "kiss calves" and worship
blocks of wood. Hence he says: "Ephraim is wedded to idols: leave
him alone." {Hos 4:17}
There was more than idolatry, however, in the way of Israel’s
repentance. The whole of the national worship was an obstacle. Its
formalism and its easy and mechanical methods of "turning to God"
disguised the need of that moral discipline and change of heart,
without which no repentance can be genuine. Amos had contrasted the
ritualism of the time with the duty of civic justice and the service
of the poor; {Amos 5} Hosea opposes to it leal love and the
knowledge of God. "I will have leal love and not sacrifice, and the
knowledge of God rather than burnt-offerings." {Hos 6:6} It is
characteristic of Hosea to class sacrifices with idols. Both are
senseless and inarticulate, incapable of expressing or of answering
the deep feelings of the heart. True repentance, on the contrary, is
rational, articulate, definite. "Take with you words," says Hosea,
"and so return to Jehovah."
To us who, after twenty-five more centuries of talk, know painfully
how words may be abused, it is strange to find them enforced as the
tokens of sincerity. But let us consider against what the prophet
enforces them. Against the "kissing of calves" and such
mummery-worship of images that neither hear nor speak. Let us
remember the inarticulateness of ritualism, how it stifles rather
than utters the feelings of the heart. Let us imagine the dead
routine of the legal sacrifices; their original symbolism worn bare,
bringing forward to the young hearts of new generations no
interpretation of their ancient and distorted details, reducing
those who perform them to irrational machines like themselves. Then
let us remember how our own reformers had to grapple with the same
hard mechanism in the worship of their time, and how they bade the
heart of every worshipper "speak"-speak for itself to God with
rational and sincere words. So in place of the frozen ritualism of
the Church there broke forth from all lands of the Reformation, as
though it were birds in springtime, a great burst of hymns and
prayers, with the clear notes of the Gospel in the common tongue. So
intolerable was the memory of what had been, that it was even
enacted that henceforth no sacrament should be dispensed but the
Word should be given to the people along with it. If we keep all
these things in mind, we shall know what Hosea means when he says to
Israel in their penitence, "Take with you words."
No one, however, was more conscious of the danger of words. Upon the
lips of the people Hosea has placed a confession of repentance,
which, so far as the words go, could not be more musical or
pathetic. {Hos 6:1-4} In every Christian language it has been
paraphrased to an exquisite confessional hymn. But Hosea describes
it as rejected, its words are too easy; its thoughts of God and of
His power to save are too facile. Repentance, it is true, starts
from faith in the mercy of God, for without this there were only
despair. Nevertheless in all true penitence there is despair.
Genuine sorrow for sin includes a feeling of the irreparableness of
the past, and the true penitent, as he casts himself upon God, does
not dare to feel that he ever can be the same again, "I am no more
worthy to be called Thy son: make me as one of Thy hired servants."
Such necessary thoughts as these Israel does not mingle with her
prayer. "Come and let us return to Jehovah, for He hath torn only
that He may heal, and smitten only that He may bind up. He will
revive us again in a couple of days, on the third day raise us up,
that we may live before Him. Then shall we know if we hunt up to
know the Lord. As soon as we seek Him we shall find Him: and he
shall come upon us like winter-rain, and like the spring-rain
pouring on the land." This is too facile, too shallow. No wonder
that God despairs of such a people. "What am I to make of thee,
Ephraim?"
Another familiar passage, the Parable of the Heifer, describes the
same ambition to reach spiritual results without spiritual
processes. "Ephraim is a broken-in heifer-one that loveth to tread"
out the corn. "But I will pass upon her goodly neck. I will give
Ephraim a yoke. Judah must plough. Jacob must harrow for himself." {Hos
10:11} Cattle, being unmuzzled by law at threshing time, loved this
best of all their year’s work. Yet to reach it they must first go
through the harder and unrewarded trials of ploughing and harrowing.
Like a heifer, then, which loved harvest only, Israel would spring
at the rewards of penitence, the peaceable fruits of righteousness,
without going through the discipline and chastisement which alone
yield them. Repentance is no mere turning or even returning. It is a
deep and an ethical process-the breaking up of fallow ground, the
labor and long expectation of the sower, the seeking and waiting for
Jehovah till Himself send the rain. "Sow to yourselves in
righteousness; reap in proportion to love" (the love you have sown),
"break up your fallow ground: for it is time to seek Jehovah, until
He come and rain righteousness upon us." {Hos 10:12}
A repentance so thorough as this cannot but result in the most clear
and steadfast manner of life. Truly it is a returning not by
oneself, but "a returning by God," and it leads to the "keeping of
leal love and justice, and waiting upon God continually." {Hos 12:7}
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